View source for Discharge - comparison of measurements (C2, Flowtracker, Flowsens, ADC, tracer, dipping rod)

This page gives an account on the experience gained during several multi-day student courses and a 3x2-day student project in field-hydrology. Discharge was measured using the [[Discharge - Current meter Ott C2|Current meter OTT C2]], [[Discharge - ultrasonic Doppler FlowTracker|Flowtracker]], [[Discharge - electromagnetic flowmeter FlowSens|Flowsens]], [[Discharge - Ott ADC|ADC]], Tracer Dilution method (NaCl, [[Electric conductivity - WTW cond340i|WTW cond340i]], [[Discharge - tracer (Sommer TQ-System)|Sommer TQ-system]]), fluorimeter [[Discharge - tracer (Sommer MFT-2)|MFT-2]], and [[Discharge - dipping rod according to Jens|dipping rod according to Jens]]. It is far from being a systematic and conclusive test, nevertheless it gives some impression on trends in usability for untrained personnel.

== Settings ==
*Site A
** Date: 14. - 17. Sept. 2009 
*** Location: Selke-stream, downstream Güntersberge, Harz-mountains, Germany, at two similar sections, ca. 7 m apart. Water flow was almost laminar with moderate turbidity, which was sometimes increased by upstream wading. Within the four days, no change in water level was perceived, so discharge must be assumed nearly constant.
*** Methods: Each day, a new group of student with only basic background knowledge was introduced to the equipment. Except for days 3 and 4, only 1-point measurements (i.e. 1 velocity measurement per vertical) were performed. The number of verticals varied from 10 to 14 along the sections with ca. 3.5 m width and 0-40 cm water depth. Discharge was also determined by the tracer dilution method (NaCl), with a pulse injection of 0.5 (Days 1 and 2) and 1 kg of NaCl 30 m upstream and measuring electric conductivity as a proxy for concentration.
** Date: 12. - 15. Apr. 2010 
*** Location: 40 m upstream of site of 2009, sections 5 m apart. On day 3, water stage was 3 cm lower than on days 1, 2 and 4.
*** Methods: Analogous to above. The number of verticals was 12 along the sections with ca. 3.5 m width and 0-75 cm water depth. Discharge was also determined by the tracer dilution method (NaCl), with a pulse injection of 1 (Day 1), 2 (Day 2 and 3) and 2.5 kg (Day 4) of NaCl 70 m upstream and measuring electric conductivity as a proxy for concentration. Likewise, Uranine (Fluorescine) was applied and measured using the field fluorimeter Sommer MFT. The dipping rod according to Jens used was limited to depths < 60 cm. At some measurements, this depth was exceeded by up to 15 cm. In these cases, the true depth was used for computation, but the measurement restricted to the top 60 cm.
** Date: 5.-7., 12.-14. Sep. 2011 
*** Location: as in 2009. Water stage varied by some cm.
*** Methods: Analogous to above. The number of verticals was 12 along the sections with ca. 4 m width and 0-45 cm water depth.
** Date: 2.-4., 10.-11. Sep. 2012 
*** Location: as in 2009. Water stage constant.
*** Methods: Analogous to 2011.

** Date: 2.-4., 9.-11. Sep. 2013 
*** Location: as in 2009. Water stage constant for days 1-3.
*** Methods: Analogous to 2011.

** Date: 8.-10. Sep. 2014 
*** Location: as in 2009. Water stage constant for days 1-3.
*** Methods: Analogous to 2011. Current meter and dipping rod were applied at a narrower section (~1.5 m wide, < 10 cm deep), lying somewhat suboptimal 10 m downstream of a bend.

** Date: 7.-9.,14.-16. Sep. 2015
*** Location: as in 2009. Water stage constant for days 1-3, varying for day 4-6.
*** Methods: As to 2014.

* Site B
** Date: 14/15. Nov. 2009; 16/17. Jan. 2010; 26/27. Mar. 2010 - Student project
*** Location: [http://www.experimental-hydrology.net/wiki/index.php?title=Wei%C3%9Feritz_catchment '''Wilde Weißeritz'''] at the concreted profile of gauge Rehefeld, Erzgebirge, Germany. Water flow is almost linear. '''Becherbach''' flows into the Wilde Weißeritz ca. 3.5 km downstream gauge Rehefeld. The measuring point is in the natural streambed ca. 100 m upstream the estuary in the Wilde Weißeritz. The water flow is very turbulent. 
*** Methods: During the student project C2, Flowsens (except the January measurement), Flowtracker and a tracer dilution method (NaCl, pulse injection) were used. The students had little previous experience with the methods. The measurements with C2, Flowsens and Flowtracker were 1-point measurements. The tracer was injected 150 m upstream the measuring points. The water levels (cm at gauge) and the tracer mass (gram) at the Wilde Weißeritz were 21 cm / 241 g, 14 cm / 327 g , 58 cm / 1028 g and at the Becherbach 129 cm / 230 g , 112 cm / 372 g , 238 cm / 517 g.

== Results ==
* Site A
* 2009
[[Image:discharge_comparison_2009.png]]

* 2010
[[Image:discharge_comparison_2010.png]]

* 2011
[[Image:2011_discharge.png]]

* 2012
[[Image:2012_discharge.png]]

* 2013
[[Image:2013_discharge.png]]

* 2014
[[Image:2014_discharge.png]]

* 2015
[[Image:2015_discharge.png]]

* Site B
[[Image:Weißeritz Wiki.jpg]]
[[Image:Becherbach Wiki.jpg]]

== Comments == 
* Site A
** 2009
The high values of Day 1 result from performing the 1-point measurement being conducted 40 % of the water depth measured from the surface instead of being measured from the ground. Thus, they cannot compared directly to the other days.
The values show a bewildering variability (let's blame the students). Except for Day 1, the ADC apparently produces slightly lower values, whereas the Flowsens seems to yield somewhat higher discharge rates. For more conclusive results, the measurements need to be obtained with the identical number of verticals. We'll think about it for the next course. 
** 2010
The failure of Flowtracker on day 1 was caused by erroneously operating the sensor 90° rotated.
** 2012
Dipping rod measurements were not attempted due to the low discharge. ADC broke on Day 3. Flowtracer (TQ-system) measurements yielded calibration problems on Day 1, was not used on Days 4 and 5.
** 2013
Pilot error in reading dipping rod values on day 6.
** 2015
For days 4-6, methods with less than 10 verticals were excluded from analysis. Likewise dilution measurements with apparent incomplete tracer passage (NaCl) and saturation of sensor (Uranine).

* Site B
** 26. Mar. 2010
The reason for the low value of the Flowsens is not really known. We suppose a problem with water turbulence caused by a flooded bank.

== Links to Wiki-pages of used devices ==
* [[Discharge - Current meter Ott C2]]
* [[Discharge - ultrasonic Doppler FlowTracker]]
* [[Discharge - electromagnetic flowmeter FlowSens]]
* [[Discharge - Ott ADC]]
* [[Electric conductivity - WTW cond340i]]
* [[Discharge - tracer (Sommer MFT-2)]]
* [[Discharge - tracer (Sommer TQ-System)]]
* [[Discharge - dipping rod according to Jens]]

[[Category:Equipment]]